Biodiversity in Indonesia and endemic

Biodiversity

Biodiversity in Indonesia, including in the highest class in the world, much higher than in the United States and in Africa equally tropical climates, especially when compared with the temperate countries and cold. As a nation of Indonesia.

In Indonesia, terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. An ecosystem can be defined as a system of reciprocal relationships between living things and their environment. As a real object, the ecosystem can be applied to various degrees of organization creatures and environments ranging from mushrooms, small ponds, meadows, forests, to the planet as a whole. Similarly, regional climate-related reciprocity with regional biota substrate and forming units are spacious and easy community, known as biomes. Biome can be interpreted as an ecosystem which is the largest community unit that is easily recognized and consists of vegetation and animals.

1. Distribution Plants (Flora) in Indonesia

Species of plants in Indonesia was estimated at 25,000 species, or more than 10% of the world's flora. Moss and algae species estimated to number 35,000. Not less than 40% of these species are endemic species or species that is only found in Indonesia and found nowhere else in the world.

Plants that grow in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines often referred Malesiana group of plants. Some typical plant species in Indonesia:

• Durian (Durio zibethinus), there are several varieties: Durian Petruk (Jepara), durian Simas (Bogor), durian Sitokong (Ragunan-Jakarta).
• (Salacca edulis), several varieties: pondoh (sleman), bali bark, bark Condet (jakarta).
• Carrion flower (Rafflesia Arnoldi) from Bengkulu
• Teak tree (Tectona grandis), mahogany (Switenia mahogany), Walnut (Canarium caesius) are found in Java, keruing (Dipterocarpus sp), Matoa (Pometia pinnata) from Papua.
• Meranti (Shorea sp), rattan (Calamus caesius) in Kalimantan.
• Sandalwood (Santalumalbum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus alba)

2. Animal Diversity in Indonesia

The types of animals in Indonesia is estimated at approximately 220,000 species consisting of approximately 200,000 insects (± 17% fauna of insects in the world), 4,000 species of fish, 2,000 species of birds and 1,000 species of reptiles and amphibia.

• Fauna division into two groups based on the Sunda Shelf and Sahul Shelf become clearer than the distribution of flora. Here it can be a clearer dividing line called the Wallace line (discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace).

• Some types of animals, such as fresh fish from the eastern and western distribution group never met. However, there are also animal animals, such as birds, amphibia, and reptiles are often between the spread of eastern and western groups overlap. Exposure Sundanese very rich in various species of mammals and birds; is expected in this area there are hundreds of species of birds and 70% of them are inhabitants of primary forest land; This diversity is much higher than in Africa.

Indonesia is divided into two zoogeography bounded by the Wallace line. Wallace line divides the Makassar Strait heading south to the Strait of Lombok. Thus, the Wallace line separating the Oriental region (including Sumatra, Java, Bali and Kalimantan) with a territory of Australia (Sulawesi, Irian, Maluku, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara).

3. Animal and Plant endemic in Indonesia

Animals and plants endemic to Indonesia are animals and plants that exist only in in Indonesia.

• Animals that are endemic for example: the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaicus), Balinese tiger (extinct), Bali starling white (Leucopsar rothschildi) in Bali, rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon, binturong (Artictis binturong), monkey (Presbytis thomasi), tarsier (Tarsius bancanus) in North Sulawesi, slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), maleo (only in Sulawesi), dragons (Varanus) on Komodo Island and its environs.
• Plants are endemic, especially of the genus Rafflesia example Rafflesia arnoldii (endemic in West Sumatra, Bengkulu and Aceh), Rafflesia borneensis (Borneo), Rafflesia cilliata (East Kalimantan), Rafflesia horsfilldii (Java), Rafflesia Patma (Nusa Kambangan and Pangandaran), Rafflesia rochussenii (West Java), and the Rafflesia contleyi (eastern Sumatra).
• Bedali (Radermachera gigantean), Kepuh (Stereula foetida), Lagerstroemia (Lagerstroemia spesiosa), Jackfruit wild boar (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mundu (Garcinia dulcis), Sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki), Winong (Tetrameles nudiflora), kluwak (Pingium edule), Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla